Hubble Views Cosmic Dust Lanes
2 min read
Hubble Views Cosmic Dust Lanes This Hubble Space Telescope image showcases a nearly edge-on view of the lenticular galaxy NGC 4753. ESA/Hubble & NASA, L. Kelsey
Featured in this new image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope is a nearly edge-on view of the lenticular galaxy NGC 4753. Lenticular galaxies have an elliptical shape and ill-defined spiral arms.
This image is the object’s sharpest view to date, showcasing Hubble’s incredible resolving power and ability to reveal complex dust structures. NGC 4753 resides around 60 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Virgo and was first discovered by the astronomer William Herschel in 1784. It is a member of the NGC 4753 Group of galaxies within the Virgo II Cloud, which comprises roughly 100 galaxies and galaxy clusters.
This galaxy is likely the result of a galactic merger with a nearby dwarf galaxy roughly 1.3 billion years ago. NGC 4753’s distinct dust lanes around its nucleus probably accreted from this merger event.
Astronomers think that most of the mass in the galaxy lies in a slightly flattened, spherical halo of dark matter. Dark matter is called ‘dark’ because we cannot directly observe it, but astronomers think it comprises about 85% of all matter in the universe. Dark matter doesn’t appear to interact with the electromagnetic field, and therefore does not seem to emit, reflect, or refract light. We can only detect it by its gravitational influence on the matter we can see, called normal matter.
NGC 4753’s low-density environment and complex structure make it scientifically interesting to astronomers who can use the galaxy in models that test different theories of formation of lenticular galaxies. The galaxy has also hosted two known Type Ia supernovae. These types of supernovae are extremely important in the study of the expansion rate of the universe. Because they are the result of exploding white dwarfs which have companion stars, they always peak at the same brightness — 5 billion times brighter than the Sun. Knowing the intrinsic brightness of these events and comparing that with their apparent brightness allows astronomers to use them to measure cosmic distances, which in turn help us determine how the universe has expanded over time.
Text Credit: European Space Agency (ESA)
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Author Correction: A small and vigorous black hole in the early Universe
Nature, Published online: 17 May 2024; doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07494-x
Author Correction: A small and vigorous black hole in the early UniverseThu 23 May 16:00: Some Disassembly Required
Planetary systems are shaped as much by destructive processes— N-body instabilities, catastrophic impacts, and atmospheric loss— as by accretionary ones. We examine the histories of violence written in: (a) the orbital architectures of super-Earths and sub-Neptunes; (b) the scattered light morphologies of debris disks; (c) chondritic meteorites and high-temperature minerals in comets; and (d) the chaotically variable light curves of disintegrating planets.
- Speaker: Eugene Chiang, Professor of Astronomy and Earth & Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley
- Thursday 23 May 2024, 16:00-17:00
- Venue: Hoyle Lecture Theatre, Institute of Astronomy.
- Series: Institute of Astronomy Colloquia; organiser: .
Thu 23 May 16:00: Some Disassembly Required
Planetary systems are shaped as much by destructive processes— N-body instabilities, catastrophic impacts, and atmospheric loss— as by accretionary ones. We examine the histories of violence written in: (a) the orbital architectures of super-Earths and sub-Neptunes; (b) the scattered light morphologies of debris disks; (c) chondritic meteorites and high-temperature minerals in comets; and (d) the chaotically variable light curves of disintegrating planets.
- Speaker: Eugene Chiang, Professor of Astronomy and Earth & Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley
- Thursday 23 May 2024, 16:00-17:00
- Venue: Hoyle Lecture Theatre, Institute of Astronomy.
- Series: Institute of Astronomy Colloquia; organiser: .
Thu 30 May 16:00: New results about black hole feedback in galaxy clusters
Clusters of galaxies serve as excellent laboratories for exploring the physics of black hole feedback, illustrating how AGN -driven jets can deliver substantial energy to their surroundings via shock fronts, sound waves, and turbulence. These jets can also drive powerful molecular outflows and expel metals from galaxies. In this talk, I will review the current state of the field, focusing on how these powerful AGN -driven jets influence the properties of galaxy clusters over cosmic time. Additionally, I will present new observations of the giant multiphase nebula within the Perseus galaxy cluster and share insights into the pivotal role machine learning can—and will—play in advancing our understanding of galaxy clusters.
- Speaker: Julie Hlavacek-Larrondo, Université de Montréal
- Thursday 30 May 2024, 16:00-17:00
- Venue: Hoyle Lecture Theatre, Institute of Astronomy.
- Series: Institute of Astronomy Colloquia; organiser: .
Thu 30 May 16:00: New results about black hole feedback in galaxy clusters
Clusters of galaxies serve as excellent laboratories for exploring the physics of black hole feedback, illustrating how AGN -driven jets can deliver substantial energy to their surroundings via shock fronts, sound waves, and turbulence. These jets can also drive powerful molecular outflows and expel metals from galaxies. In this talk, I will review the current state of the field, focusing on how these powerful AGN -driven jets influence the properties of galaxy clusters over cosmic time. Additionally, I will present new observations of the giant multiphase nebula within the Perseus galaxy cluster and share insights into the pivotal role machine learning can—and will—play in advancing our understanding of galaxy clusters.
- Speaker: Julie Hlavacek-Larrondo, Université de Montréal
- Thursday 30 May 2024, 16:00-17:00
- Venue: Hoyle Lecture Theatre, Institute of Astronomy.
- Series: Institute of Astronomy Colloquia; organiser: .
Detecting strongly-lensed type Ia supernovae with LSST
An Anti-halo Void Catalogue of the Local Super-Volume
How planets form by pebble accretion V. Silicate rainout delays contraction of sub-Neptunes
Preventing space contamination rises up the agenda
How NASA Tracked the Most Intense Solar Storm in Decades
NASA/SDO
May 2024 has already proven to be a particularly stormy month for our Sun. During the first full week of May, a barrage of large solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) launched clouds of charged particles and magnetic fields toward Earth, creating the strongest solar storm to reach Earth in two decades — and possibly one of the strongest displays of auroras on record in the past 500 years.
We’ll be studying this event for years. It will help us test the limits of our models and understanding of solar storms.Teresa Nieves-Chinchilla
Acting Director of NASA’s Moon to Mars (M2M) Space Weather Analysis Office
“We’ll be studying this event for years,” said Teresa Nieves-Chinchilla, acting director of NASA’s Moon to Mars (M2M) Space Weather Analysis Office. “It will help us test the limits of our models and understanding of solar storms.”
From May 3 through May 9, 2024, NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory observed 82 notable solar flares. The flares came mainly from two active regions on the Sun called AR 13663 and AR 13664. This video highlights all flares classified at M5 or higher with nine categorized as X-class solar flares.NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
The first signs of the solar storm started late on May 7 with two strong solar flares. From May 7 – 11, multiple strong solar flares and at least seven CMEs stormed toward Earth. Eight of the flares in this period were the most powerful type, known as X-class, with the strongest peaking with a rating of X5.8. (Since then, the same solar region has released many more large flares, including an X8.7 flare — the most powerful flare seen this solar cycle — on May 14.)
On May 14, 2024, the Sun emitted a strong solar flare. This solar flare is the largest of Solar Cycle 25 and is classified as an X8.7 flare.NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
Traveling at speeds up to 3 million mph, the CMEs bunched up in waves that reached Earth starting May 10, creating a long-lasting geomagnetic storm that reached a rating of G5 — the highest level on the geomagnetic storm scale, and one that hasn’t been seen since 2003.
“The CMEs all arrived largely at once, and the conditions were just right to create a really historic storm,” said Elizabeth MacDonald, NASA heliophysics citizen science lead and a space scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
When the storm reached Earth, it created brilliant auroras seen around the globe. Auroras were even visible at unusually low latitudes, including the southern U.S. and northern India. The strongest auroras were seen the night of May 10, and they continued to illuminate night skies throughout the weekend. Thousands of reports submitted to the NASA-funded Aurorasaurus citizen science site are helping scientists study the event to learn more about auroras.
“Cameras — even standard cell phone cameras — are much more sensitive to the colors of the aurora than they were in the past,” MacDonald said. “By collecting photos from around the world, we have a huge opportunity to learn more about auroras through citizen science.”
A coronal aurora appeared over southwestern British Columbia on May 10, 2024. NASA/Mara Johnson-Groh
By one measure of geomagnetic storm strength, called the disturbance storm time index which dates back to 1957, this storm was similar to historic storms in 1958 and 2003. And with reports of auroras visible to as low as 26 degrees magnetic latitude, this recent storm may compete with some of the lowest-latitude aurora sightings on record over the past five centuries, though scientists are still assessing this ranking.
“It’s a little hard to gauge storms over time because our technology is always changing,” said Delores Knipp, a research professor in the Smead Aerospace Engineering Science Department and a senior research associate at the NCAR High Altitude Observatory, in Boulder, Colorado. “Aurora visibility is not the perfect measure, but it allows us to compare over centuries.”
MacDonald encourages people to continue submitting aurora reports to Aurorasaurus.org, noting that even non-sightings are valuable for helping scientists understand the extent of the event.
Leading up to the storm, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Space Weather Prediction Center, which is responsible for forecasting solar storm impacts, sent notifications to operators of power grids and commercial satellites to help them mitigate potential impacts.
Warnings helped many NASA missions brace for the storm, with some spacecraft preemptively powering down certain instruments or systems to avoid issues. NASA’s ICESat-2 — which studies polar ice sheets — entered safe mode, likely because of increased drag due to the storm.
Looking ForwardBetter data on how solar events influence Earth’s upper atmosphere is crucial to understanding space weather’s impact on satellites, crewed missions, and Earth- and space-based infrastructure. To date, only a few limited direct measurements exist in this region. But more are coming. Future missions, such as NASA’s Geospace Dynamics Constellation (GDC) and Dynamical Neutral Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling (DYNAMIC), will be able to see and measure exactly how Earth’s atmosphere responds to the energy influxes that occur during solar storms like this one. Such measurements will also be valuable as NASA sends astronauts to the Moon with the Artemis missions and, later, to Mars.
NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) captured this image of an X5.8 solar flare peaking at 9:23 p.m. EDT on May 10, 2024. The image shows a subset of extreme ultraviolet light that highlights the extremely hot material in flares. NASA SDO
The solar region responsible for the recent stormy weather is now turning around the backside of the Sun, where its impacts can’t reach Earth. However, that doesn’t mean the storm is over. NASA’s Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO), currently located at about 12 degrees ahead of Earth in its orbit, will continue watching the active region an additional day after it is no longer visible from Earth.
“The active region is just starting to come into view of Mars,” said Jamie Favors, director for the NASA Space Weather Program at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “We’re already starting to capture some data at Mars, so this story only continues.”
By Mara Johnson-Groh
NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
Media Contact:
Sarah Frazier
NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
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NSF halts South Pole probe of cosmic inflation
Black holes observed colliding when universe was only 740m years old
Glimpse of galactic merger, via James Webb telescope, may explain presence of monster black holes
A pair of black holes has been observed colliding in the ancient universe for the first time. The observations, by the James Webb Space Telescope, reveal a merger of two galaxies and the monster black holes at their centres when the universe was just 740m years old, about a 20th of its current age.
The discovery that massive mergers appear to have been common in the infant universe could help explain how supermassive black holes like the one at the heart of the Milky Way achieved such tremendous proportions.
Continue reading...Webb detects most distant black hole merger to date
Astronomers have found supermassive black holes with masses of millions to billions times that of the Sun in most massive galaxies in the local Universe, including in our Milky Way galaxy. These black holes have likely had a major impact on the evolution of the galaxies they reside in. However, scientists still don’t fully understand how these objects grew to become so massive.
The finding of gargantuan black holes already in place in the first billion years after the Big Bang indicates that such growth must have happened very rapidly, and very early. Now, the James Webb Space Telescope is shedding new light on the growth of black holes in the early Universe.
The new Webb observations have provided evidence for an ongoing merger of two galaxies and their massive black holes when the Universe was just 740 million years old. The system is known as ZS7.
Massive black holes that are actively accreting matter have distinctive spectrographic features that allow astronomers to identify them. For very distant galaxies, like those in this study, these signatures are inaccessible from the ground and can only be seen with Webb.
“We found evidence for very dense gas with fast motions in the vicinity of the black hole, as well as hot and highly ionised gas illuminated by the energetic radiation typically produced by black holes in their accretion episodes,” said lead author Dr Hannah Übler of Cambridge’s Cavendish Laboratory and Kavli Institute for Cosmology. “Thanks to the unprecedented sharpness of its imaging capabilities, Webb also allowed our team to spatially separate the two black holes.”
The team found that one of the two black holes has a mass that is 50 million times the mass of the Sun. “The mass of the other black hole is likely similar, although it is much harder to measure because this second black hole is buried in dense gas,” said team member Professor Roberto Maiolino, also from the Kavli Institute.
“Our findings suggest that merging is an important route through which black holes can rapidly grow, even at cosmic dawn,” said Übler. “Together with other Webb findings of active, massive black holes in the distant Universe, our results also show that massive black holes have been shaping the evolution of galaxies from the very beginning.”
The team notes that once the two black holes merge, they will also generate gravitational waves. Events like this will be detectable with the next generation of gravitational wave observatories, such as the upcoming Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission, which was recently approved by the European Space Agency and will be the first space-based observatory dedicated to studying gravitational waves.
This discovery was from observations made as part of the Galaxy Assembly with NIRSpec Integral Field Spectroscopy programme. The team has recently been awarded a new Large Programme in Webb’s Cycle 3 of observations, to study in detail the relationship between massive black holes and their host galaxies in the first billion years. An important component of this programme will be to systematically search for and characterise black hole mergers. This effort will determine the rate at which black hole merging occurs at early cosmic epochs and will assess the role of merging in the early growth of black holes and the rate at which gravitational waves are produced from the dawn of time.
These results have been published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Reference:
Hannah Übler et al. ‘GA-NIFS: JWST discovers an offset AGN 740 million years after the big bang’ Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (2024). DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stae943
Adapted from a press release by the European Space Agency.
An international team of astronomers, led by the University of Cambridge, has used the James Webb Space Telescope to find evidence for an ongoing merger of two galaxies and their massive black holes when the Universe was only 740 million years old. This marks the most distant detection of a black hole merger ever obtained and the first time that this phenomenon has been detected so early in the Universe.
Massive black holes have been shaping the evolution of galaxies from the very beginningHannah ÜblerESA/Webb, NASA, CSA, J. Dunlop, H. Übler, R. Maiolino, et. alThe environment of the galaxy system ZS7 from the JWST PRIMER programme as seen by Webb's NIRCam instrument
The text in this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Images, including our videos, are Copyright ©University of Cambridge and licensors/contributors as identified. All rights reserved. We make our image and video content available in a number of ways – on our main website under its Terms and conditions, and on a range of channels including social media that permit your use and sharing of our content under their respective Terms.
Mon 20 May 13:00: Cosmology with the CMB: from Planck to SPT-3G
The observation of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is one of the most powerful probes of our universe. ESA ’s Planck satellite confirmed that the ΛCDM model works astonishingly well to describe the CMB anisotropies, measuring cosmological parameters with percent-level accuracy. Nevertheless, the Planck results reveal a number of outstanding inconsistencies that might hint at cracks in this very successful model. The most critical one is the Hubble tension, the difference between the expansion rate of the universe measured by the CMB and other early universe probes, versus the rate measured by Type Ia supernovae calibrated with Cepheids. In this talk I will present the current efforts to shed light on these problems using the South Pole Telescope. SPT is a ground-based CMB experiment which is observing the sky with its latest camera, SPT -3G. It is expected to provide ground-breaking CMB measurements over 25% of the sky. I will show SPT -3G early results, the several innovations we are introducing in the analysis pipeline for our upcoming second data release, and the expectations for the future.
- Speaker: Silvia Galli (Institut Astrophysique de Paris)
- Monday 20 May 2024, 13:00-14:00
- Venue: CMS, Pav. B, CTC Common Room (B1.19) [Potter Room].
- Series: Cosmology Lunch; organiser: Fiona McCarthy.
Tue 28 May 13:00: Phenomenology of axion-gauge field interactions in the early universe
In this talk, I will give a brief overview of my work on the phenomenology of axion-gauge interactions in the early universe. Couplings between axion-like particles (ALPs) and gauge fields arise naturally in UV-complete theories such as string theory. Moreover, their phenomenology is rich and potentially within reach of current or future experimental probes. For the aforementioned reasons there has been a considerable and systematic effort to uncover the phenomenology of such couplings and I will be providing a review of past results with a focus on couplings between axions and massless U(1) gauge fields as well as SU(2) gauge fields (chromo-natural inflation etc.). In the context of inflation, these models in particular produce strong gravitational waves, potentially observable with current of future interferometers or PTA experiments. Additionally, they predict strongly sourced scalar perturbations, scalar induced gravitational waves, primordial black holes and more. Finally, I will emphasize a regime of these models which is only recently beginning to be explored, namely the “strong backreaction” regime and give a detailed breakdown of the unique signatures of such a regime during infllation.
- Speaker: Alexandros Papageorgiou (IFT, Madrid)
- Tuesday 28 May 2024, 13:00-14:00
- Venue: CMS, Pav. B, CTC Common Room (B1.19) [Potter Room].
- Series: Cosmology Lunch; organiser: Thomas Colas.
Research Software Engineer (Fixed Term)
Fixed-term: The funds for this post are available for 5 years in the first instance.
The Institute of Astronomy (IoA) at Cambridge University is internationally renowned for its outstanding environment in data-intensive astronomy. The interdepartmental Kavli Institute for Cosmology, Cambridge (KICC) is co-located on the IoA site, fostering connections with other groups conducting complementary research across Cambridge. Machine learning is increasingly at the heart of leveraging enormous and complex astronomical data sets to solve major scientific challenges in our understanding of the Universe. The IoA, in collaboration with the University Research Computing Service and the University of Cambridge Open Zettascale Lab (COZL) [https://www.zettascale.hpc.cam.ac.uk] is investing in specialist research software engineering support to:
Provide researchers with specialised training in AI techniques, equipping them with the skills they need to use machine learning and AI to power their research.
Pursue an ambitious research agenda that applies machine learning to the scientific challenges of the 21st century.
Build a community of researchers working at the interface of machine learning and the sciences to share knowledge and experiences that help advance the use of machine learning in the sciences.
Software development is a highly valuable resource that includes modelling, simulation and data-analysis. Generating well-designed software will in turn increase the scope, productivity, reliability, replicability and therefore openness of research. In pursuit of these goals, we are seeking an experienced Research Software Engineer to lead the development of our software culture.
The Research Software Engineer will lead software development activities that facilitate the application of machine learning for scientific discovery. By providing software engineering support, advising on the development of research projects and delivering training and mentoring to researchers, the role-holder will be responsible for creating an environment that embeds good practice in scientific programming in research. They will be an evangelist for the role of software engineering in machine learning research. In particular, they will:
Guide scientists in software engineering best practices and help to implement these within the teams.
Work closely with scientists to help scope, gather requirements for, and design their applications.
Develop software in tandem with climate science teams, including extending existing code.
Identify and implement opportunities to improve the performance, sustainability, and quality of the applications.
Demonstrate a customer service orientation, giving priority to high customer satisfaction.
Interface with the Institute's research team to help gather problems that then feed into the research programme of the institute.
We welcome applications from individuals who wish to be considered for part-time working or other flexible working arrangements. Conversations about flexible working are encouraged at the University of Cambridge. Please feel free to discuss flexibility prior to applying (using the contact information below) or at interview if your application is successful.
Click the 'Apply' button below to register an account with our recruitment system (if you have not already) and apply online.
Please indicate the contact details of three professional referees on the online application form and upload a full curriculum vitae (CV), list of publications, and a research/technical experience statement (this research/technical experience statement being three pages max in 11pt font).
The application deadline is 23:59 BST on Sunday 16th June 2024.
Referees will be requested to provide references by the same date. Where permission is given by the applicant, references will be requested prior to the vacancy closing. Applicants are asked to inform their referees that they will receive a reference request communication including a link to upload a reference to the University of Cambridge recruitment system by the application closing date.
Applications will be reviewed after the closing date and interviews will take place the week-commencing 1st July 2024.
The start date of the appointment is negotiable on or before October 2024.
For any queries regarding the application please contact: hr@ast.cam.ac.uk. Informal enquiries may be addressed to Professor Hiranya Peiris via her EA, Sophie Hall, at sophie.hall@ast.cam.ac.uk.
Please quote reference LG40978 on your application and in any correspondence about this vacancy.
The University actively supports equality, diversity and inclusion and encourages applications from all sections of society. The University of Cambridge thrives on the diversity of its staff and students. Applications from underrepresented groups are particularly welcome. We have an active Equality and Diversity Committee which continually works to further the aims of the Athena SWAN charter. The University has a number of family-friendly policies and initiatives, including a returning-carer scheme, childcare costs support, university workplace nurseries, university holiday play-schemes, and a shared parental-leave policy.
The University has a responsibility to ensure that all employees are eligible to live and work in the UK.
Fri 24 May 11:30: The Extremes of Resolved Stellar Spectroscopy
The study of local star clusters and galaxies with existing spectroscopic instruments and techniques has reached the point of diminishing returns. Breakthroughs require new instruments or innovation in spectral analysis. I will describe the measurement of radial velocities and abundances of individual stars at the threshold of spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. First, I will address measurements from Keck/DEIMOS and KCWI . I will discuss the “backsplash” galaxy Andromeda XVIII (at 1.33 Mpc!), neutron-capture abundances in Milky Way satellites, and the “fundamental” stellar mass-stellar metallicity relation of low-mass field galaxies. New spectrograph innovations, like the upgrade to DEIMOS and the Subaru Prime Focus Spectrograph, will lead stellar spectroscopy into the future.
- Speaker: Evan Kirby (Notre Dame)
- Friday 24 May 2024, 11:30-12:30
- Venue: Ryle seminar room + online.
- Series: Galaxies Discussion Group; organiser: Sandro Tacchella.
Tue 21 May 11:15: Diffusion meets Nested Sampling
Sampling techniques are a stalwart of reliable inference in the physical sciences, with the nested sampling paradigm emerging in the last decade(s) as a ubiquitous tool for model fitting and comparison. Parallel developments in the field of generative machine learning have enabled advances in many applications of sampling methods in scientific inference pipelines. This work explores the synergy of the latest developments in diffusion models and nested sampling. I will review the challenges of precise model comparison in high dimension, and explore how score based generative models can provide a solution. This work builds towards a public code that can apply out of the box to many established hard problems in fundamental physics, as well as providing potential to extend precise inference to problems that are intractable with classical methods. I will motivate some potential applications at the frontiers of inference that can be unlocked with these methods.
- Speaker: David Yallup (University of Cambridge)
- Tuesday 21 May 2024, 11:15-12:00
- Venue: Coffee area, Battcock Centre.
- Series: Hills Coffee Talks; organiser: David Buscher.